“For November, global temperatures were 1.54°C above pre-industrial levels, and the three-year average for 2023–2025 is on track to exceed 1.5°C for the first time. These milestones are not abstract – they reflect the accelerating pace of climate change and the only way to mitigate future rising temperatures is to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”
Samantha Burgess, Strategic Lead for Climate, ECMWF
Third-warmest November on record globally #
November 2025 saw an average surface air temperature of 14.02°C, 0.65°C above the 1991–2020 average for the month. It was 0.20°C cooler than November 2023 – the warmest November on record – and 0.08°C cooler than November 2024, the second warmest.
Over Europe, the average temperature was 5.74°C, 1.38°C above the 1991–2020 average for November, making it the fifth-warmest November in the European record. The most pronounced above-average temperatures were observed over eastern Europe, Russia, the Balkans and Türkiye. In contrast, below-average temperatures were mainly seen over northern Sweden and Finland, Iceland, and parts of northern Italy and southern Germany.
Outside Europe, temperatures were most above average over the polar regions. This includes northeastern Canada and the Canadian archipelago, much of the United States, the Arctic Ocean and East Antarctica.
Boreal autumn ranks third warmest #
The 2025 boreal autumn season (September–November) was the third warmest on record globally, cooler only than the autumns of 2023 and 2024. Temperatures were mostly above average across the world, with particularly strong positive anomalies over northern Canada, the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica.
Europe sees heavy rainfall and drought conditions #
Across Europe in November, wetter-than-average conditions impacted the UK, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, northwestern Russia and much of the Balkans, with Albania and Greece experiencing particularly heavy rainfall. Storm Claudia brought heavy rain and flooding to northwestern Spain and Portugal between 12 and 15 November, before extending to Ireland, Wales and England on 14–15 November, where it also caused local flooding.
In contrast, drier-than-average conditions were recorded in Iceland, southern Spain, northern Italy, central Germany and Sweden. Drought warnings persisted across southeastern Europe, especially in southwestern Russia, Ukraine and Türkiye.
Rest of the world #
Beyond Europe, the bulletin reports wetter-than-average conditions in the southwest United States, parts of northern Canada, northwestern Russia, Taiwan, southern Africa, Madagascar and along coastal regions of Australia. South and southeast Asia experienced extreme rainfall and flooding resulting from a combination of tropical cyclones and heavy monsoon rains. In contrast, much of western and central Asia saw drier-than-average conditions in November, in addition to northern Mexico, the southeastern United States and southern Brazil.*
Slow growth of Arctic sea ice extent #
Regionally, sea ice concentrations were much below average in the western Eurasian sector, particularly around Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and the Kara Sea, as well as in the northeastern Canadian sector. These low concentrations coincided with much-above-average surface air temperatures, pointing to the link between warm anomalies and reduced ice cover.
In the Antarctic, the monthly sea ice extent for November 2025 was 7% below the 1991–2020 average, ranking it as the fourth lowest November extent on record. Sea ice concentrations around Antarctica were most below average in the Bellingshausen Sea and the Indian Ocean sector.
The worst scenario #
NdelT: Many thanks Copernicus Climate Service Bulletin!!!
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